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Howard Goldstein Associates, Inc. |
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Business, Technology & Education. |
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Course Title: Storage Networking Fibre Channel Technologies & Topologies
Vendor: Howard Goldstein Associates, Inc. Email: Howard.Goldstein@HGAI.Com
Locations: Private classes available. Phone: 303-554-0755
Duration: 5-Days
Type: Lecture/Demo Course URL: www.hgai.com
Course Description / Overview / Expected Outcome:
This course presents a complete examination of Fibre Channel Technologies and Topologies. It begins with a look at server to storage high performance I/O interface environment and requirements and how Fibre Channel addresses those needs. It describes in detail the Fibre Channel Architecture and Standards. It explains the functions and features of Fibre Channel and the “Why’s and How’s” of this Storage Network technology. It focuses on gigabit rates, extended distance and port consolidation opportunities. This course presents the inner workings of the Host Bus and Storage Adaptors as well as the interconnection devices switches, directors, and gateways that help implement a SAN. Fibre Channel is the most pervasive technology used in external and internal SANs finding a home as a basis for customer SANs connecting Servers and Storage Controllers as well as being deployed in disk arrays and tape controllers.
This course then presents a detailed look at the Fibre Channel Topologies. It examines Point-to-Point Direct Attached Storage as well as Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop and Fibre Channel Switched Fabric implementations. It examines where these topologies are used and how they can be leveraged to provide maximum benefits and maximum utilization. It describes in detail how Fibre Channel works in these environments. The course brings you through Loop and Fabric concepts and protocols. You will analyze traces and review helpful animations for Fibre Channel Technologies.
Course Objectives:
Identify what Fibre Channel is and how it relates to Storage Networking
Explore the many topologies and the underlying technologies and protocols that can be used in storage networks including Point-to-Point, Arbitrated Loop and Switched Fabric and the trade offs in cost/benefit where these topologies can be applied today.
Demystify the controversy surrounding Storage Networking’s protocol wars between Fibre Channel and IP-based storage and finally understand the differences between them and the vendor products.
Explore the Fibre Channel technology and understand the underlying concepts behind a Fibre Channel SAN
Define (or match with the correct definition) key Fibre Channel terms and terminology
Identify the five different functional levels of Fibre Channel and list the key functions associated with each level
Identify key Fibre Channel functional capabilities such as speed, distance, connectivity, etc.
Identify the key differences between optical fiber and electrical cabling
Identify the principal fields within the Fibre Channel frame header and define the main function(s) of each field
Describe (or identify) the Fibre Channel mechanisms used to manage operations and the transfer of information
Describe the Fibre Channel flow control mechanisms and state why flow control is important
Identify and describe the different Fibre Channel Classes-of-Service, list the principal characteristics of each, and identify which class-of-service is most widely used and why
State the differences between Fibre Channel Link Services and Upper-Level protocols and give at least one example of an operation associated with each
Examine a Fibre Channel trace of a SCSI command and identify each frame used during the command and key information present in each frame, including the CDB, data, and SCSI status byte
Locate additional resources to assist in further understanding the Fibre Channel technology
Understand key Fibre Channel terms and terminology
Identify key characteristics of the Point-to-Point, Arbitrated Loop, and Switched Fabric topologies and identify applications suitable for each topology from a list of different applications
Describe the difference between Public Loops and Private Loops and Public Loop Devices and Private Loop Devices. Identify at least three differences between Public Loop Devices and Private Loop Devices.
Identify and describe the operation and function of each of the Arbitrated Loop protocols including:
•Loop Initialization and Address assignment •Arbitration and Access Fairness •Opening and Closing loop circuits •Buffer-to-Buffer flow control
Examine a Fibre Channel trace of Loop Initialization and identify the function and content of each of the Frames and Ordered Sets
Examine a Fibre Channel trace of normal Arbitrated Loop operations and identify and describe each of the loop protocols
Identify (or describe) the key factors affecting Arbitrated Loop performance such as the addition of more ports to the loop or the effect of longer interconnecting cables. Also identify factors within the design of an arbitrated loop port that may affect performance of the loop
Describe the function and applications of an Arbitrated Loop hub. Describe the difference between a hub and a switch
Describe strategies for making the loop suitable for high-availability environments
Locate additional resources to assist in further understanding the Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop Topology
Define (or match with the correct definition) key Switched Fabric terms and terminology.
Identify key characteristics of the Point-to-Point, Arbitrated Loop, and Switched Fabric topologies and identify applications suitable for each topology from a list of different applications.
Identify and describe the operation and function of each of the Fibre Channel Switched Fabric protocols, including:
•Switch Port Initialization •Switch Port mode determination •Principal Switch Selection •Switch addressing and address assignment •Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) protocol •Path Computation and Selection
Identify key requirements placed on a switch by the different classes-of-service
Describe at least two implementations of switching constructs that can be used within a Fibre Channel Switch.
Describe how a switched fabric can preserve the delivery order of frames in a multi-switch environment.
Describe at least one strategy for distributing traffic across multiple equal-cost paths
Examine a Fibre Channel trace of an ISL initialization and identify the function and content of each of the Frames and Ordered Sets
Given a Fibre Channel trace of an operation using the Fibre Channel Common Transport (FC-CT) Protocol, identify and interpret key fields in the Fibre Channel frame header and FC-CT preamble
Identify and describe the primary functions of the Name Server and Management Server
Given a Fibre Channel trace of an operation involving the Name Server, identify and interpret the operation being performed
Identify other well-known services and describe where to find additional information about those services
Locate additional resources to assist in further understanding the Fibre Channel Switched Fabric Topology
Who Should Attend:
· This course is targeted towards anyone who designs, implements, manages, specifies or selects Storage Networking technologies. · This includes IS/IT technical staff, product developers, systems integrators, systems engineers and technical marketing personnel. · Anyone who wants to understand more about storage networking Fibre Channel Technologies and Topologies. · This course is designed to provide technical IT staff a comprehensive understanding of Fibre Channel. · Product and project teams that are involved with applications, systems, storage and end users will benefit from this course. · Developers, integrators, engineers, administrators, managers, marketing personnel and others with a need for an understanding of Storage Networking will find this course extremely informative. · Anyone involved in storage or data communications networking will understand the similarities and differences between these environments and will be in position to take on the challenges introduced by Storage Networking Fibre Channel.
Prerequisites:
An understanding of current computer interfaces or networks is desirable, although not absolutely necessary.What’s exciting about it, why it’s important, where it’s going:· It provides a one-of-a-kind tutorial with an industry subject matter expert who has real-world experience and superior presentation skills · It provides a vendor-neutral view of storage networking with a focus leveraging your investment in network infrastructure, existing and future storage and server assets using Fibre Channel · It separates the myth from reality of the various storage networking solutions and technologies · It explains the technical differences between Fibre Channel and IP Storage and when to use these technologies · It puts you in position to understand what Fibre Channel storage networks can and cannot do for you · It will make you more knowledgeable in dealing with the plethora of vendors of storage networking Fibre Channel products and services · It takes a “network” view of Fibre Channel storage networks yet identifies how Fibre Channel storage networks differ fundamentally from other data networks like the Internet It takes complex Fibre Channel storage networking topics and breaks them down in a simple, easy-to-understand way
Course Outline Overview:
Fibre Channel Technologies
Storage Networking Overview Fibre Channel (FC) Introduction Fibre Channel Standards FC Level 0 Physical Interface · Fiber · Copper FC Speed Negotiation FC Level 1 · 8B10B Encode/Decode · Ordered Sets · Link Level Control 1, 2, 4, 10 Gigabit Fibre Channel Fibre Channel Level 2 · Sessions · Exchanges · Sequences · Frames · Flow Control · Class of Service · Error Policy · Link Control Frames · Acknowledgement Error Detection & Recovery Basic Link Services Extended Link Service Session Management · Fabric Login FLOGI · Port Login PLOGI · Process Login PRLI State Change Notification Fibre Channel Names · World-Wide Node Name WWNN World-Wide Port Name WWPN Fibre Channel Services · Generic Services · Well-Known Addresses · Distributed Services Name Services Fibre Channel Topologies · Point-to-Point · Arbitrated Loop · Fabric Fibre Channel Addressing FC Level 4 · SCSI-3 FCP2 · SCSI over FC · Enhanced Recovery IP over FC IPFC
Fibre Channel Topologies
Fibre Channel: Arbitrated Loop FC-AL
· Overview · Concepts · Ordered Sets · Loop Port State Machine · Loop Initialization · ALPA · LISM, LIFA, LIPA, LIHA, LISA, LILP, LIRP, Close · States o Monitoring o Arbitration & Fairness o Flow Control o Open a Loop Circuit o Closing a Loop Circuit o Frame Transmission o SCSI FCP Commands o Loop Performance o Errors o Hubs and Switching Hubs (Loop Switches) o High Availability Loops PLDA Technical Reports
Fibre Channel Switched Fabric
· Fabric Introduction · Fabric Concepts · Fabric Addresses · Fabric Internal Concepts · Node Port Initialization · Inter-Switch Link Initialization ISL · Principal Switch Selection · Fabric Shortest Path First FSPF · Path Selection · Switching Constructs · Distributed Service · Zoning o Hard o Soft o VSANs o Directory Services o Management Services o Fabric Design o High Availability Fabrics o Timers and Errors Conditions o Beyond Campus Fabrics Fabric Management Fibre Channel Futures Course Summary
Fibre Channel Technologies
A. Fibre Channel Introduction
Direct Attach Storage (DAS) Network Attached Storage (NAS) Storage Area Network (SAN) SAN Attached Storage The Fibre Channel Network Fibre Channel Node Example Fibre Channel Network Nodes Device Ports Switch Ports World Wide (Port & Node) Names Node Port (N_Port/NL_Port) Fibre Channel Node Port Node Port (N_Port/NL_Port) Serial Data Transmission Multiple Media Options Session Management Sessions - Login Login Session Fibre Channel Levels Transaction Management Fibre Channel Exchange Exchange Multiplexing Information Units Sequence Fibre Channel Sequence Fibre Channel Frame Addressing and Topologies Fibre Channel Topologies Fibre Channel Addressing Fibre Channel Addressing: 121 to 332 Access Control Fibre Channel Zoning Authentication and Security
Fibre Channel Standards FC Physical and Signaling Protocol Mappings Fibre Channel Topologies Fibre Channel Generic Services Fibre Channel Document Structure
C. FC-0 Concepts
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC-0) FC-0 Physical Interface Fibre Channel Campus Wiring Common Physical Variants Link Control Facility Link Control Facility Physical Variants Physical Variant Identification Gigabit Interface Connector (GBIC) Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP) Media Interface Adapter (MIA) Gigabit Link Module (GLM) Signal Characteristics Idealized Signal Characteristics The "Eye" Diagram Eye Diagram Bit-Error Rate Reporting Bit-Error Rate Measurement
Fiber Optic Links
Fiber Optic Links Fiber Optic Data Transmission Fiber Optic Data Transmission Optical Fiber Optical Transmitters Single-Mode Fiber Multimode Fiber Modal Dispersion Single-Mode vs. Multimode Optical Connectors Small Form Factor Connectors Optical Connectors Open Fiber Control (OFC)
Electrical Links Single-Ended Link Differential Link Coupling and Equalization Electrical Connectors Electrical Connectors SCA-2 40-Pin Disk Connector RFI and EMI
Speed Negotiation Objectives Signal Criteria Signal Detection Wait for Signal Flowchart Wait for Signal Receive Sampling Negotiate Master Negotiate Master Flow Negotiate Master Negotiate Follow Negotiate Follow Flowchart Slow Wait Slow Wait Procedure Slow Wait Flowchart
D. FC-1 Concepts
Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC-1) FC-1 Functions 8b/10b Encoding Ordered Sets Link-Level Protocols
8b/10b Encoding and Decoding
Bits, Bytes, and Words Bit, Byte, and Word Structure Why Encode the Data? Special Characters 8b/10b Notation Running Disparity Disparity Error Detection Encoding and Decoding 8B/10B Encoder Bit and Byte Transmission Order SOF/EOF Problem
Ordered Sets
Transmission Words Transmission Word Hierarchy Frame Delimiters Primitive Signals Fill Words - IDLE Clock Elasticity Receiver Ready (R_RDY) Loop Primitive Signals Virtual Circuit Ready Primitive Sequences Loop Primitive Sequences Transmission Word Trace
Link Control Facility Serializing the Data Stream Port State Machine (PSM) Port State Machine Link Reset Protocol Link Initialization Protocol Link Failure Protocol Link Error Status Block
10GFC Highlights 10-Gigabit Fibre Channel Structure Four-Lane Interfaces Wavelength Division Multiplexing Single-Lane Interfaces 64-Bit Block Scrambler 64-Bit Block Descrambler 10GFC Internal Interfaces XGMII XGMII Interface XAUI XGMII + XAUI Interface XAUI Synchronization XAUI Inter-Lane Skew XAUI Inter-Lane Skew XAUI Deskew Column Alignment XAUI Clock Elasticity Idle Stream Randomization XAUI Idle Stream Randomizer XAUI Primitives XAUI Primitive Signal Transmission XAUI Primitive Sequence Begin XAUI Primitive Sequence Changes XAUI Primitive Sequence Ends
E. FC-2 Concepts
Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC-2) FC-2 Scope Exchange, Sequence, and Frame Session Management The Exchange The Sequence FC-2 Service Interface Information Unit The Frame Flow Control Levels of Flow Control Flow Control Classes of Service
Exchange Management
Exchange Exchange Identification Originator Exchange_ID Responder Exchange_ID Fibre Channel Exchange Exchange Multiplexing Exchange Multiplexing OX_ID/RX_ID and Multiplexing Exchange Origination Sequence Initiative Exchange Flow Diagram Mixing Classes of Service Error Recovery Boundary Exchange Error Policies
Segmentation/Reassembly Segmentation and Reassembly Sequence Identification Frame Multiplexing Sequence Count Streamed Sequences Frame Transmission Rules Sequence Completion
Frames Fibre Channel Frame Start-of-Frame Delimiter Frame Header Routing Control (R_CTL) Addresses (D_ID/S_ID) Class-Specific Control (CS_CTL) Type Field Frame Control (F_CTL) Sequence_ID (SEQ_ID) Data Field Control (DF_CTL) Sequence Count (SEQ_CNT) Exchange_ID (OX_ID, RX_ID) Parameter Field (PARM) Frame Data Field Data Field Contents Optional Headers Network Header Association Header Process Associator Operation Associator Device Header CRC End-of-Frame FC-2 Data Rate Calculation
Link Control Frames Acknowledge (ACK) ACK Policies ACK_1 Operation ACK_0 Operation ACK Generation Reject (P_RJT or F_RJT) Fabric/Port Busy (F_BSY/P_BSY)
Flow Control
Transmit and Receive Buffers Credit Obtaining Credit Credit and Frame Streaming Credit and Long Links Frame Transmission and Credit Timing Example for Credit=1 Credit Computation Buffer Memory Computation Estimate Credit Procedure Estimate Credit Procedure Buffer-to-Buffer Flow Control Topology Dependencies Alternate BB_Credit BB_Credit Recovery Virtual Circuit Flow Control End-to-End Credit Flow Control
Classes of Service
Class of Service Comparison Class-1 Class-1 Connection Class-1 Connection Setup Class-1 (continued) Class-1 Service with Intermix Class-1 Connection with Intermix Stacked Connect Requests Class-1 Stacked Connect Requests Class-6 Class-1/6 Priority and Preemption Class-2 Class-2/3 Frame Multiplexing Class-2 (continued) Class-2 Operation Class-3 Class-3 (continued) Class-3 Operation Class-2/3 Priority and Preemption Class-4 Class-4 Virtual Circuits Class-4 (continued) Class-4 Circuit Setup Class-4 Virtual Circuit Setup Circuit Deactivation/Removal
Error Detection and Recovery
Timers FC-0/1 Errors Link-Level Errors FC-2 Sequence Errors Invalid Frame Conditions Sequence Errors Exchange Error Policy Class-3 Errors Exchange Errors
Basic Link Services
Link Services Basic Link Services No Operation (NOP) Abort Sequence (ABTS) Abort Sequence-Last Sequence Remove Connection (RMC) Preempted (PRMT)
ELS Protocol ELS Commands - General ELS Commands - General ELS Commands - Services
Session Management Fibre Channel Logins Fabric Login (FLOGI) N_Port Login (PLOGI) Process Login (PRLI) State Change Notification H. Fibre Channel Names
Name Uniqueness IEEE 48-Bit MAC Address Format IEEE Name (Format 1) IEEE Extended Name (Format 2) IEEE Registered Name (Format 5)
I. Login Service Parameters
Service Parameters Login Request and LS_ACC Reply Common Service Parameters Class-Specific Parameters Class-Specific Service Parameters
Fabric Login Session Management
Fabric Login (FLOGI) FLOGI Flowchart Fabric Address Notification (FAN) Fabric Discover (FDISC)
N_Port Login (PLOGI) PLOGI Flowchart Logout (LOGO) Port Discover (PDISC)
Process Login (PRLI) Process Logout (PRLO) Test Process Login State (TPLS) Third-Party Process Logout
State Change Notification State Change Registration (SCR) Registered State Change Notification RSCN Formats (Formats 3, 2, 1) RSCN Formats (Format 0) Criteria to Receive RSCN (part 1) Criteria to Receive RSCN (part 2)
Generic Services Well-Known Addresses Distributed Services Common Transport Protocol Common Transport (FC-CT) Broadcast Fabric Login Server Fabric Controller Directory Server Register FC-4 Types Time Server Management Server Quality of Service Facilitator (QoSF) Alias Server Alias Server Create Group Key Distribution Server Clock Synchronization Server Multicast Server Reliable Multicast (Class-6)
K. Topologies
Fibre Channel Topologies Public Arbitrated Loop Common Characteristics Topology Comparison Table Addressing Address Assignment
Point-to-Point Topology Two Point-to-Point Topologies Point-to-Point Topology
Arbitrated Loop Topology Arbitrated Loop Physical Address Arbitrated Loop Protocols Loop Port State Machine Loop Initialization Open Initialize State Arbitration Opening a Loop Circuit Closing a Loop Circuit Closing Protocol Transfer Access Fairness Loop Availability Arbitrated Loop Hubs Arbitrated Loop with Hub
Fabric Topology Fabric Port (F_Port/FL_Port) Fabric Ports and Routing Fabric Controller Communication Modes Connection-Oriented Modes Connection-Oriented Modes Dedicated Connection Virtual Circuits Connectionless Mode Frame Multiplexing Mixed-Mode Operation Fabric Connection with Intermix Frame Routing Crossbar Switch Eight-Ported Crossbar Switch Crossbar Switch Routing Through a Crossbar Switch Multicast in a Crossbar Switch
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